E-Money Regulations

E-money is defined in the 2EMD as being a store of monetary value stored via electronic or magnetic means. E-money is represented by a claim on e-money issuer, which is issued on the receipt of funds, for the purpose of making payment transactions. For e-money, to fall within the category, it must be accepted by a natural or legal person other than the e-money issuer itself. E-Money Regulations aim to standardise rules on digital transactions across all member states, and ensure safe services as well as equal competition. Some stablecoins may fall under the E-money regulations – when they are backed by a fiat currency and share similar characteristics to e-money. Nevertheless, e-money regulations have not been designed to address the specificities of stablecoins and thus the associated risks, therefore they are additionally regulated by the Markets in Crypto Assets regulation (MiCA) under the category of ‘e-money tokens’.

August 2025 European Banking Authority

The European Banking Authority (EBA) published its final draft Regulatory Technical Standards (RTS) which specify the technical elements necessary for institutions to calculate and aggregate cryptoasset exposures in relation to the prudential treatment of such exposures. The RTS address implementation aspects and will ensure harmonisation of the capital requirements on cryptoasset exposures by institutions across the EU.

The draft RTS further develop the "relevant capital treatment for credit risk, counterparty credit risk, market risk, and credit valuation adjustment risk for asset reference tokens (ARTs) that reference one or more traditional asset(s) and ‘other’ cryptoasset exposures - including for example ARTs referencing a cryptoasset – and – unbacked cryptoassets, such as Bitcoin."

The draft RTS also include all the relevant "technical elements on the use of netting, aggregating of long and short positions, criteria to allow hedge recognition for other cryptoassets, and the underlying formulas relevant for calculating the exposure value of cryptoassets for the CCR and market risk treatment."

June 2025 Malta Financial Services Authority

The Malta Financial Services Authority issued a Circular that provides an updated version of the Markets in Crypto-Assets (MiCA) Rulebook, which applies to entities falling within scope of the Markets in Crypto-Assets Act, along with amendments to Chapter 3 of the Financial Institutions Rulebook (‘FIR/03’) which applies in part to issuers of e-money tokens.

The rules which have been added or updated seek to apply MiCA Level 2 and Level 3 requirements or clarify the process which should be followed by applicant’s and/or Authorised Persons when submitting certain notifications to the Authority. All amendments are immediately applicable upon publication  of the updated rules. 

June 2025 European Banking Authority

The European Banking Authority (EBA) published a No Action letter advising the EU Commission, EU Council and EU Parliament to ensure that, in the long term, "EU law needs to avoid a dual authorisation under two pieces of EU law for the activity of transacting electronic money tokens (EMTs)." 

While the existing Payment Services Directive 2 (PSD2) still applies, the letter advises "national competent authorities (NCAs) to enforce authorisation of PSD2 for a specified subset only of cryptoasset service providers (CASPs) that transact EMTs, to do so only after a transition period that ends on 2 March 2026, and then to deprioritise specified PSD2 provisions."

March 2025 European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA)

The European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) published Guidelines on the conditions and criteria for the qualification of cryptoassets as financial instruments.

These guidelines are issued under Article 16(1) of the ESMA Regulation and Article 2(5) of MiCA. The purpose of these guidelines is to "specify conditions and criteria for determining whether a cryptoasset should qualify as a financial instrument and therefore ensuring the common, uniform and consistent application of the provisions in Article 2(4)(a) of MiCA. Furthermore, these guidelines provide clarifications on certain features of utility tokens, NFTs and hybrid tokens."

March 2025 Malta Financial Services Authority

The Malta Financial Services Authority (MFSA) published a Circular to the industry on the issuance of the Markets in Crypto-Assets (MiCA) Rulebook and amendments to the Financial Institutions Rulebook.

February 2025 Council of the European Union / European Parliament

On 13 February 2025, a number of Delegated Regulations supplementing MiCA were published in the Official Journal of the EU and will enter into force on 5 March 2025.

The following were published:

January 2025 European Commission / European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA)

The European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) and the European Commission published guidance on non-MiCA compliant asset-referenced tokens (ARTs) and electronic money tokens (EMTs).

The statement provides guidance on how and under which timeline cryptoasset service providers (CASPs) are expected to comply with the requirements of Titles III and IV of MiCA, as clarified in the European Commission Q&A. In particular, National Competent Authorities (NCAs) are expected to ensure compliance by CASPs regarding non-compliant ARTs or EMTs as soon as possible, and no later than the end of Q1 2025. With the statement ESMA aims to facilitate coordinated actions at the national level and avoid potential disruptions. 

The European Commission has also published a Q&A, providing guidance on the obligations contained in titles III and IV of MiCA and how these obligations should apply to CASPs. 

The Q&A clarifies that certain cryptoasset services may constitute an offer to the public or an admission to trading in the EU and should therefore comply with titles III and IV of MiCA. 

December 2024 European Banking Authority

The European Banking Authority (EBA) published its final Guidelines on reporting requirements under the Markets in Crypto-assets Regulation (MiCA) to ensure that Competent Authorities receive sufficient comparable information to supervise compliance of issuers with MiCA requirements and provide the EBA with the information necessary to conduct the significance assessment under MiCA.

The guidelines are addressed to competent authorities, issuers of ARTs and issuers of EMTs. They specify common templates and instructions for issuers to provide competent authorities and the EBA with the necessary information to cover identified reporting data gaps. The guidelines also include common templates and instructions that issuers should use to collect the data they need from relevant CASPs, contained in annexes in section 4 of the report:

The EBA also published a visual explainer providing guidance on which templates should be submitted by the different types of issuers. The EBA states that changes to the draft guidelines were made in the light of the consultation responses received. The guidelines will apply two months after publication on the EBA website of the translations in the EU official languages.

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